【建纬观点】专家证人制度介绍及其在国际工程仲裁案件中的作用(下)
张晗建纬律师事务所国际业务部、不动产金融部律师
现为赣江新区国际仲裁院仲裁员、中南财经政法大学法律专业合作硕士研究生指导教师。
毕业于北京理工大学和荷兰莱顿大学,并于英国高等法律研究所和韩国首尔大学进修学习。在加入建纬之前,张晗曾在联合国工作近三年,包括人居署(肯尼亚)和人权高专办(瑞士),主要处理土地、城市建设及国际条约履行相关法律事务。
现主要业务领域及服务范围:国际工程、国际仲裁、跨境业务、建设工程与房地产领域的诉讼和非诉讼法律事务服务。可以熟练使用英文作为工作语言。
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三、专家证人资格及任命
1. 专家证人资格
要获得专家证人的资格,个人必须具有特定领域的专业知识、技能、经验、教育背景或培训经验。但是从国际和国内现有仲裁规则来看,各仲裁委对专家资格都没有明确的规定,仅仅要求被任命的专家具有相应的资格,并在专家报告中载明。对于是否具备资格,一般情况下都由仲裁庭依据其自由裁量定夺。在庭审中双方律师对专家进行交叉盘问时,往往首先会询问甚至是挑战其专业度,以减少仲裁庭对对方专家证言的可信度。而具有行业资质及丰富的行业经验,往往能够让对方律师无法挑战其专业性。
同时专家证人必须公正客观,与双方当事人没有利益冲突而损害其证词可信度。专家必须披露与争议各方的任何关系或隶属关系,包括可能影响其证词的任何财务或专业利益。
2. 选择专家证人
选择专家证人是建设工程索赔和争议解决的一个关键方面。在选择专家证人时,当事人应考虑个人的资格、经验、声誉和时间空档。除此之外,还应考虑专家证人的成本,因为专家报告及其出庭的费用可能接近境外律师的小时费率。
3. 专家证人的任命
由当事人委派的专家证人没有一个专门的任命程序,而是通常在仲裁时间表中由仲裁庭规定一个时间,在此日双方需要披露各自委任的专家证人的领域、及具体的专家名称。IBA证据规则6.1条规定,仲裁庭在咨询当事人双方后,可以指定一个或多个独立的专家证人。根据IBA证据规则6.2条,仲裁庭指定的专家在接受任命前,应向仲裁庭和当事人各方提交关于其资格的说明,而后双方当事人对专家的资格发表意见,若对专家资格持反对意见应及时提出,否则,在专家接受任命后,当事人将不能以任命之前的事由要求仲裁庭撤销任命。
四、专家证人如何提供意见
专家证人的证词是建设工程索赔和争议解决的重要组成部分。专家证人可以根据法院或仲裁庭的要求提供书面报告或口头证词。他们的证词必须以事实和证据为基础、并且有可靠的数据和方法。他们还要能够以清晰易懂的方式解释复杂的技术问题,熟悉交叉盘问,能够在对方律师的盘问下为自己的意见辩护。
1. 专家报告
国际仲裁中当事人指定的专家通常需要起草一份或两份专家报告(即一份主要专家报告,以及必要时的反驳专家报告),并在开庭审理时提供口头证词。书面专家报告或者同时交换,或者由各方与他们的主要文书(例如Statement of Claim)一起提交,取决于当事人双方采用的是状书形式(pleading style)还是备忘录形式(memorial style)。专家还需要出席最终庭审、提供口头证词,回答仲裁庭可能提出的任何问题,并接受对方律师的交叉盘问。
2. 专家会议
专家会议也常常出现在案件时间表中。有的案件中可能双方都指定了专家或仲裁庭也聘请了专家,不同专家对相同问题的看法、处理方式等会存在差异,很难在庭审环节完成处理,因此仲裁庭会要求举行专家会议,让各专家发表自己的意见,然后提出自己的疑问,以便明确双方专家可以达成一致的意见以及双方有分歧的领域。[1]
3. 庭审阶段
最后是庭审阶段的交叉盘问。专家出席庭审往往是被安排在事实证人的交叉盘问之后、双方律师做总结陈词(“closing submission”)之前。在庭审时间确认后,甚至是在与仲裁庭协商开庭时间时,就要考虑专家证人的档期,要确保在庭审的2-3个星期(通常而言如此)之间专家证人都有空。因此在国际仲裁中通常需要协调出庭大律师、工料测量专家、工期专家及律师团队的现场开庭时间。各方专家意见有明显分歧时,仲裁庭有权决定让专家证人当面集中对质各自的意见。[2]因此在选择专家证人时,还需要考虑专家证人应对对方出庭大律师刁钻问题的能力。
五、国际仲裁中适用于专家证人的仲裁法律和规则
虽然大多数仲裁法律和规则都包含对仲裁庭指定专家的具体规定,但对当事人指定专家的具体规定少之甚少。并且,当事人指定的专家通常在提及事实证人的条款中受到规范。然而,事实证人和专家证人不应被同等对待,因为他们服务于不同的目的,即事实证人弥补书面证据的空白,而专家证人弥补技术知识的空白。
最终,仲裁庭通常有权酌情决定当事人提交的证据的可采性、证明力和相关性。
1. 一方当事人任命的专家监管框架
尽管在国际仲裁中专家通常由当事人指定,但国家仲裁法(例如1996年英国仲裁法)和仲裁规则要么没有规定,要么没有为当事人指定的专家制定精确的程序框架。例如,《国际商会仲裁规则》(2021年修订)第25(2)条(确定案件事实)仅含蓄地提及当事人指定专家的权利。类似的规定还见于其他著名的临时和机构仲裁规则,例如《联合国国际贸易法委员会仲裁规则》(2013年修订)(以下简称《UNCITRAL仲裁规则》)第 27(2) 条(证据)、2020 年《LCIA 仲裁规则》第 20(1) 条(证人)。
《国际商会仲裁规则》第二十五条第二款如下[3]:
第 25 条 确定案件事实 ARTICLE 25 Establishing the Facts of the Case
2 仲裁庭可决定在当事人到场的情况下,或在当事人 经正式传唤后未到场的情况下,听取证人、当事指定的专家或其他人员的陈述。
2 After studyingthe written submissions of the parties and all documents relied upon, the arbitral tribunal shall hear the parties together in person if any of them so requests or, failing such a request, it may of its own motion decide to hear them.
《UNCITRAL仲裁规则》第二十七条第二款如下[4]:
第 27 条(证据)Article 27 Evidence
2. 当事人提出的就任何事实问题或专业问题向仲裁庭作证的证人,包括专家证人,可以是任何个人,无论其是否为仲裁的一方当事人或是否与一方当事人有任何关系。除非仲裁庭另有指示,证人的陈述,包括专家证人的陈述,可以书面形式呈递,并由其本人签署。
2. Witnesses, including expert witnesses, who are presented by the parties to testify to the arbitral tribunal on any issue of fact or expertise may be any individual, notwithstanding that the individual is a party to the arbitration or in any way related to a party. Unless otherwise directed by the arbitral tribunal, statements by witnesses, including expert witnesses, may be presented in writing and signed by them.
《LCIA 仲裁规则》第二十条第一款如下[5]:
第20条 证人Article 20 Witnesses
20.1 本规则第20条之规定适用于当事人所依赖的任何事实或专家证人。
20.1 The provisions of this Article 20 shall apply to any fact or expert witness on whose evidence a party relies.
2. 仲裁庭指定专家的监管框架
尽管仲裁庭指定的专家在实践中远不如当事人指定的专家常见普遍,但在国内法律中可以找到关于仲裁庭指定的专家的更详细的规定,例如1996年英国仲裁法第 37 条指定专家、法律顾问或评估员的权力,以及仲裁规则例如 2020 年LCIA 仲裁规则第 21 条(仲裁庭专家)、2013 年 UNCITRAL仲裁规则第 29 条(仲裁庭指定的专家)以及中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会仲裁规则(2015版,“CIETAC仲裁规则”)第44条。
我国2012年《民事诉讼法》中确立了有专门知识的人的制度,其可在当事人申请之下出庭质证并发表专业意见。但是有专门知识的人和国际商事仲裁中的专家证人制度还是有很大区别。
《1996英国仲裁法》第三十七条规定如下[6]:
37.(聘任专家、法律顾问或评估师的权力)
(1) 除非当事人另有约定,
(a) 仲裁庭可以:
(i) 聘任专家或法律顾问向其及当事人报告,或
(ii) 聘任评估师就技术事项提供帮助,
仲裁庭还可以允许前述任何专家、法律顾问或评估师参加仲裁程序;以及
(b) 当事人应有合理机会对前述人员所提出的任何材料、意见或建议给予评论。
(2) 按照本编规定,仲裁庭对其聘任的专家、法律顾问或评估师的报酬和开支负责,此类报酬和开支属于仲裁员的开支。
37 Power to appoint experts, legal advisers or assessors.[7]
(1)Unless otherwise agreed by the parties—
(a)the tribunal may—
(i)appoint experts or legal advisers to report to it and the parties, or
(ii)appoint assessors to assist it on technical matters,and may allow any such expert, legal adviser or assessor to attend the proceedings; and
(b)the parties shall be given a reasonable opportunity to comment on any information, opinion or advice offered by any such person.
(2)The fees and expenses of an expert, legal adviser or assessor appointed by the tribunal for which the arbitrators are liable are expenses of the arbitrators for the purposes of this Part.
《CIETAC仲裁规则》第四十四条规定如下[8]:
第四十四条 专家报告及鉴定报告
(一)仲裁庭可以就案件中的专门问题向专家咨询或指定鉴定人进行鉴定。专家和鉴定人可以是中国或外国的机构或自然人。
(二)仲裁庭有权要求当事人、当事人也有义务向专家或鉴定人提供或出示任何有关资料、文件或财产、实物,以供专家或鉴定人审阅、检验或鉴定。
(三)专家报告和鉴定报告的副本应转交当事人,给予当事人提出意见的机会。一方当事人要求专家或鉴定人参加开庭的,经仲裁庭同意,专家或鉴定人应参加开庭, 并在仲裁庭认为必要时就所作出的报告进行解释。
《UNCITRAL仲裁规则》第二十九条规定如下[9]:
第 29 条 仲裁庭指定的专家
Article 29 Experts appointed by the arbitral tribunal
1. 经与各方当事人协商后,仲裁庭可指定独立专家一人或数人以书面形式就仲裁庭需决定的特定问题向仲裁庭提出报告。仲裁庭确定的专家职责范围应分送各方当事人。
1. After consultation with the parties, the arbitral tribunal may appoint one or more independent experts to report to it, in writing, on specific issues to be determined by the arbitral tribunal. A copy of the expert’s terms of reference, established by the arbitral tribunal, shall be communicated to the parties.
2. 原则上,专家应在接受任命之前向仲裁庭和各方当事人提交一份本人资质说明以及本人公正性和独立性声明。各方当事人应在仲裁庭规定的时间内,向仲裁庭说明其对专家资质、公正性或独立性是否持有任何反对意见。仲裁庭应迅速决定是否接受任何此种反对意见。专家任命之后,一方当事人对专家的资质公正性或独立性提出反对意见,只能依据该当事人在专家任命作出之后才意识到的原因。仲裁庭应迅速决定将采取何种可能的行动。
2. The expert shall, in principle before accepting appointment, submit to the arbitral tribunal and to the parties a description of his or her qualifications and a statement of his or her impartiality and independence. Within the time ordered by the arbitral tribunal, the parties shall inform the arbitral tribunal whether they have any objections as to the expert’s qualifications, impartiality or independence. The arbitral tribunal shall decide promptly whether to accept any such objections. After an expert’s appointment, a party may object to the expert’s qualifications, impartiality or independence only if the objection is for reasons of which the party becomes aware after the appointment has been made. The arbitral tribunal shall decide promptly what, if any, action to take.
3. 各方当事人应向专家提供任何有关资料,或出示专家可能要求其出示的任何有关文件或物件供专家检查。一方当事人与专家之间关于提供所要求的资料和出示文件或物件的必要性的任何争议,应交由仲裁庭决定。
3. The parties shall give the expert any relevant information or produce for his or her inspection any relevant documents or goods that he or she may require of them. Any dispute between a party and such expert as to the relevance of the required information or production shall be referred to the arbitral tribunal for decision.
4. 仲裁庭应在收到专家报告时将报告副本分送各方当事人,并应给予各方当事人以书面形式提出其对该报告的意见的机会。当事人应有权查阅专家在其报告中引以为据的任何文件。
4. Upon receipt of the expert’s report, the arbitral tribunal shall communicate a copy of the report to the parties, which shall be given the opportunity to express, in writing, their opinion on the report. A party shall be entitled to examine any document on which the expert has relied in his or her report.
5. 专家报告提交后,经任何一方当事人请求,专家可在开庭时听询,各方当事人应有机会出庭并质询专家。任何一方当事人均可在此次开庭时委派专家证人出庭,就争议点作证。本程序应适用第 28 条的规定。
5. At the request of any party, the expert, after delivery of the report, may be heard at a hearing where the parties shall have the opportunity to be present and to interrogate the expert. At this hearing, any party may present expert witnesses in order to testify on the points at issue. The provisions of article 28 shall be applicable to such proceedings.
2016 年《贸易法委员会关于安排仲裁程序的说明》(“UNCITRAL仲裁说明”)在第 15条(专家)中还载有关于当事人指定专家和仲裁庭指定专家的进一步指南。
六、国际仲裁中管理专家证人的软法文书(“soft law”)
软法文书解决了专家证人(特别是当事人指定的专家)缺乏全面监管框架的问题,软法文书包含比大多数仲裁法律和规则更详细的专家使用规定。下面将对其中一些软法进行归纳。
1. IBA 证据规则
2020 年最新修订的国际律师协会国际仲裁取证规则(“ IBA证据规则”)在第 5 条(当事人指定的专家)和第 6 条(仲裁庭指定的专家)中规定了更详细的如何在国际仲裁中使用专家证人的程序。2020 年 IBA 证据规则第 5(2) 条列出了专家报告中应包含的内容,其中包括专家的资格、独立性声明以及对所用方法、依据的证据和信息的描述。IBA证据规则考虑到国际商事仲裁高效性的特点,侧重取证及时性、规范证据收集程序、恶意拖延仲裁时长,并且增加了专家披露义务。虽然 IBA 证据规则是一项软法,但因为它具有高度相关性,且反映了国际仲裁中的通行做法, 因此仲裁庭经常以其为指导或在其程序命令中直接引用相关条文。
IBA证据规则第五条及第六条[10]:
第 5 条 当事人指定专家
Article 5 Party-Appointed Experts
1. 当事人可以依赖一位当事人指定专家就特定问题作证。在仲裁庭规定的期限内,(i)每一方当事人均应指明其意欲依赖的专家以及其证言的主旨;且 (ii)当事人指定专家应当提交专家报告。
1. A Party may rely on a Party-Appointed Expert as a means of evidence on specific issues. Within the time ordered by the Arbitral Tribunal, (i) each Party shall identify any Party-Appointed Expert on whose testimony it intends to rely and the subject-matter of such testimony; and (ii) the Party-Appointed Expert shall submit an Expert Report.
2. 上述专家报告应当包含:
2. The Expert Report shall contain:
(a) 当事人指定专家的姓名全称和地址,其与任何一方当事人、其法律顾问、以及与仲裁庭成员现在和过去的关系(若有),并对其背景、资格、所受培 训和经历进行说明;
(a) the full name and address of the Party-Appointed Expert, a statement regarding his or her present and past relationship (if any) with any of the Parties, their legal advisors and the Arbitral Tribunal, and a description of his or her background, qualifications, training and experience;
(b) 说明其提供意见和结论所依据的指示;
(b) a description of the instructions pursuant to which he or she is providing his or her opinions and conclusions;
(c) 其独立于当事人及其法律顾问以及仲裁庭成员的声明;
(c) a statement of his or her independence from the Parties, their legal advisors and the Arbitral Tribunal;
(d) 其专业意见和结论所依据事实的说明;
(d) a statement of the facts on which he or she is basing his or her expert opinions and conclusions;
(e) 其专业意见和结论,并说明其得出结论所使用的方法、证据和信息; 当事人指定专家所依赖的文件材料,如尚未提交,则应予提供。
(e) his or her expert opinions and conclusions, including a description of the methods, evidence and information used in arriving at the conclusions. Documents on which the Party-Appointed Expert relies that have not already been submitted shall be provided;
(f) 如果专家报告经过翻译,则应说明最初准备专家报告使用的语言以 及当事人指定专家在证据听证会作证时预计使用的语言;
(f) if the Expert Report has been translated, a statement as to the language in which it was originally prepared, and the language in which the Party-Appointed Expert anticipates giving testimony at the Evidentiary Hearing;
(g) 确认专家报告中表达的意见为专家的真实观点;
(g) an affirmation of his or her genuine belief in the opinions expressed in the Expert Report;
(h) 当事人指定专家的签名及签名日期和地点;以及
(h) the signature of the Party-Appointed Expert and its date and place; and
(i) 如果专家报告经一人以上签署,则说明每位签署人对专家意见的整体以及具体部分的贡献。
(i) if the Expert Report has been signed by more than one person, an attribution of the entirety or specific parts of the Expert Report to each author.
3. 专家报告提交后,任何一方当事人均可在仲裁庭规定的期限内向仲裁庭以及其他当事人提交修改或者补充的专家报告,包括之前未作为当事人指定专家的人士所提供的报告和说明,但前提是此类修改或补充仅仅针对:
3. If Expert Reports are submitted, any Party may,
within the time ordered by the Arbitral Tribunal, submit to the Arbitral Tribunal and to the other Parties revised or additional Expert Reports, including reports or statements from persons not previously identified as Party-Appointed Experts, so long as any such revisions or additions respond only to:
(a) 其他方当事人提交的证人陈述、专家报告或其他文件中包含的事项, 并且此类事项此前在仲裁中并未被提出;或
(a) matters contained in another Party’s Witness Statements, Expert Reports or other submissions that have not been previously presented in the arbitration; or
(b) 先前的专家报告中未包含的新事实进展。
(b) new developments that could not have been addressed in a previous Expert Report.
4. 对于就相同或相关问题将要或者已经分别提交专家报告的当事人指定专家,仲裁庭可酌情要求这些专家会面并就这些问题交换意见。会面时,当事人指定专家之间应就他们在各自专家报告中的事项尽量达成一致意见,并且将达成一致的事项、未达成一致的事项以及相应的原因进行书面记录。
4. The Arbitral Tribunal in its discretion may order that any Party-Appointed Experts who will submit or who have submitted Expert Reports on the same or related issues meet and confer on such issues. At such meeting, the Party-Appointed Experts shall attempt to reach agreement on the issues within the scope of their Expert Reports, and they shall record in writing any such issues on which they reach agreement, any remaining areas of disagreement and the reasons therefor.
5. 根据第 8 条第 1 款要求出席证据听证会的当事人指定专家,无正当理由不出庭作证的,除非仲裁庭在特殊情况下另有决定,仲裁庭应不予考虑该当事人 指定专家作出的与该次证据听证会相关的任何专家报告。
5. If a Party-Appointed Expert whose appearance has been requested pursuant to Article 8.1 fails without a valid reason to appear for testimony at an Evidentiary Hearing, the Arbitral Tribunal shall disregard any Expert Report by that Party-Appointed Expert related to that Evidentiary Hearing unless, in exceptional circumstances, the Arbitral Tribunal decides otherwise.
6. 如果未依据第 8 条第 1 款的规定要求当事人指定专家出席证据听证会作证,则其他方当事人不应被视为已同意专家报告内容的正确性。
6. If the appearance of a Party-Appointed Expert has not been requested pursuant to Article 8.1, none of the other Parties shall be deemed to have agreed to the correctness of the content of the Expert Report.
第 6 条 仲裁庭指定专家 Article 6 Tribunal-Appointed Experts
1. 仲裁庭经与各方当事人协商,可指定一名或数名独立的专家就仲裁庭提出的特定问题向仲裁庭汇报。仲裁庭应当在与各方当事人协商后确定专家报告的 调查范围。仲裁庭应将最终确定的调查范围书送交各方当事人。
1. The Arbitral Tribunal, after consulting with the Parties, may appoint one or more independent Tribunal-Appointed Experts to report to it on specific issues designated by the Arbitral Tribunal. The Arbitral Tribunal shall establish the terms of reference for any Tribunal-Appointed Expert Report after consulting with the Parties. A copy of the final terms of reference shall be sent by the Arbitral Tribunal to the Parties.
2. 接受指定前,仲裁庭指定专家应当向仲裁庭和各方当事人提交一份关于其资格的描述以及关于其独立于各方当事人、其法律顾问以及仲裁庭成员的声明。在仲裁庭规定的期限内,各方当事人应当告知仲裁庭他们对仲裁庭指定专家的资 格和独立性是否待有异议。仲裁庭应当立即决定是否接受该异议。当事人在仲裁 庭指定专家后可就该专家的资格和独立性提出异议,但该异议的理由仅能为该方当事人在指定完成后获悉的理由。仲裁庭应及时决定应采取的措施(如有)。
2. The Tribunal-Appointed Expert shall, before accepting appointment, submit to the Arbitral Tribunal and to the Parties a description of his or her qualifications and a statement of his or her independence from the Parties, their legal advisors and the Arbitral Tribunal. Within the time ordered by the Arbitral Tribunal, the Parties shall inform the Arbitral Tribunal whether they have any objections as to the Tribunal-Appointed Expert’s qualifications and independence. The Arbitral Tribunal shall decide promptly whether to accept any such objection. After the appointment of a Tribunal- Appointed Expert, a Party may object to the expert’s qualifications or independence only if the objection is for reasons of which the Party becomes aware after the appointment has been made. The Arbitral Tribunal shall decide promptly what, if any, action to take.
3. 在不违反第9条第2款及第3款的情况下,仲裁庭指定专家可以要求一 方当事人提供任何信息,或者提供接触任何文件材料、物品、样品、财产、机械、 系统、程序或进入任何勘验场所的便利,只要该要求与案件具有关联性且对其结 果具有重要影响。各方当事人及其代理人有权接收任何这类信息,并有权参与任 何此类查验。如果仲裁庭指定专家与一方当事人就此类要求的关联性、重要性或 适当性上未能达成一致,则应当由仲裁庭根据第 3 条第 5 款至第 3 条第 8 款规 定的方式决定。对于一方当事人不遵守仲裁庭指定专家提出的恰当要求或仲裁庭 作出的裁定的行为,仲裁庭指定专家应当在专家报告中予以记录,并说明该行为 对特定问题的认定所造成的影响。
3. Subject to the provisions of Articles 9.2 and 9.3, the Tribunal-Appointed Expert may request a Party to provide any information or to provide access to any Documents, goods, samples, property, machinery, systems, processes or site for inspection, to the extent relevant to the case and material to its outcome. The Parties and their representatives shall have the right to receive any such information and to attend any such inspection. Any disagreement between a Tribunal-Appointed Expert and a Party as to the relevance, materiality or appropriateness of such a request shall be decided by the Arbitral Tribunal, in the manner provided in Articles 3.5 through 3.8. The Tribunal-Appointed Expert shall record in the Expert Report any non-compliance by a Party with an appropriate request or decision by the Arbitral Tribunal and shall describe its effects on the determination of the specific issue.
4. 仲裁庭指定专家应向仲裁庭提交书面的专家报告。该专家报告应包括:
4. The Tribunal-Appointed Expert shall report in writing to the Arbitral Tribunal in an Expert Report. The Expert Report shall contain:
(a) 仲裁庭指定专家的姓名全称和地址,以及关于其背景、资格、所受培训和经历的说明;
(a) the full name and address of the Tribunal-Appointed Expert, and a description of his or her background, qualifications, training and experience;
(b) 其专家意见和结论所依据的事实的说明;
(b) a statement of the facts on which he or she is basing his or her expert opinions and conclusions;
(c) 其专家意见和结论,包括其得出结论所使用的方法、证据和信息;仲 裁庭指定专家所依赖的文件材料,如尚未提交,则应予提供。
(c) his or her expert opinions and conclusions, including a description of the methods, evidence and information used in arriving at the conclusions. Documents on which the Tribunal-Appointed Expert relies that have not already been submitted shall be provided;
(d) 如果专家报告经过翻译,则应说明最初准备专家报告所使用的语言 以及仲裁庭指定专家在证据听证会作证时预计使用的语言;
(d) if the Expert Report has been translated, a statement as to the language in which it was originally prepared, and the language in which the Tribunal-Appointed Expert anticipates giving testimony at the Evidentiary Hearing;
(e) 确认专家报告中表达的意见为专家的真实观点;
(e) an affirmation of his or her genuine belief in the opinions expressed in the Expert Report;
(f) 仲裁庭指定专家的签名及签名日期和地点;以及
(f) the signature of the Tribunal-Appointed Expert and its date and place; and
(g) 如果专家报告经一人以上签署,则说明每位签署人对专家意见的整 体以及具体部分的贡献。
(g) if the Expert Report has been signed by more than one person, an attribution of the entirety or specific parts of the Expert Report to each author.
5. 仲裁庭应将专家报告交给各方当事人。对于仲裁庭指定专家审查过的信 息、文件材料、物品、样品、财产、机械、系统、程序或勘验场所,以及仲裁庭 与仲裁庭指定专家间的通讯,当事人均有权审查。在仲裁庭规定的期限内,任何 一方当事人都有机会向仲裁庭提交书面意见、证人陈述或当事人指定专家作出的 专家报告,作为对仲裁庭指定专家作出的报告的回应。仲裁庭应将该书面意见、 证人陈述或专家报告交给仲裁庭指定专家以及其他当事人。
5. The Arbitral Tribunal shall send a copy of such Expert Report to the Parties. The Parties may examine any information, Documents, goods, samples, property, machinery, systems, processes or site for inspection that the Tribunal-Appointed Expert has examined and any correspondence between the Arbitral Tribunal and the Tribunal-Appointed Expert. Within the time ordered by the Arbitral Tribunal, any Party shall have the opportunity to respond to the Expert Report in a submission by the Party or through a Witness Statement or an Expert Report by a Party-Appointed Expert. The Arbitral Tribunal shall send the submission, Witness Statement or Expert Report to the Tribunal-Appointed Expert and to the other Parties.
6. 应一方当事人或仲裁庭的要求,仲裁庭指定专家应当出席证据听证会。仲裁庭可以询问仲裁庭指定专家,并且对于其专家报告中提出的问题,以及各方 当事人提交的书面意见、证人陈述或当事人指定专家依据第 6 条第 5 款提交的专 家报告中提出的问题,各方当事人或当事人指定专家可以对仲裁庭指定专家进行质询。
6. At the request of a Party or of the Arbitral Tribunal, the Tribunal-Appointed Expert shall be present at an Evidentiary Hearing. The Arbitral Tribunal may question the Tribunal-Appointed Expert, and he or she may be questioned by the Parties or by any Party-Appointed Expert on issues raised in his or her Expert Report, the Parties’ submissions or Witness Statement or the Expert Reports made by the Party- Appointed Experts pursuant to Article 6.5.
7. 对于仲裁庭指定专家的专家报告及其结论,仲裁庭应在适当考虑案件的 全部情况后加以评定。
7. Any Expert Report made by a Tribunal-Appointed Expert and its conclusions shall be assessed by the Arbitral Tribunal with due regard to all circumstances of the case.
8. 关于仲裁庭指定专家的报酬和费用的支付,由仲裁庭决定。该笔费用应构成仲裁费用的一部分。
8. The fees and expenses of a Tribunal-Appointed Expert, to be funded in a manner determined by the Arbitral Tribunal, shall form part of the costs of the arbitration.
2. CIArb 实践指南和专家协议
英国特许仲裁员协会(以下简称为 “CIArb”)也发布了《当事人指定专家和仲裁庭指定专家实践指南》 (以下简称为“ CIArb 指南”),其中在附录 I 中包含了当事人指定的专家证人在仲裁中的使用协议(Protocol for the use of party appointed experts in international arbitration,以下简称为“ CIArb 协议”)。该CIArb指南的内容包括:指定专家的权力(第 1 条)、如何评估专家证人的必要性(第 2 条)、引用专家证人的方法(第 3 条)、专家的程序指示(第 4 条)和检验专家意见(第 5 条)等。
在选任专家时,可以在给专家出具的Instruction Letter中做出规定,确保专家熟知该CIArb Protocol。
七、结论
专家证人在解决建设工程索赔和纠纷方面发挥着至关重要的作用。他们的专业知识、技能、经验、教育或培训可以对与建设项目相关的技术事项提供客观公正的意见。他们的证词可以帮助法院或仲裁庭了解复杂的技术问题,并达成公平公正的争议解决方案。因此,选择专家证人及并由其出具证词、证言是建设工程索赔和争议解决的关键。
[1] 李振楠,国际商事仲裁中的专家证人制度研究,第46页。山东大学硕士学位论文,2021年6月7日。
[2] 李振楠,国际商事仲裁中的专家证人制度研究,第48页。山东大学硕士学位论文,2021年6月7日。
[3] 国际商会仲裁规则(2021年修订)第25条第二款。访问地址:/publication/2021-arbitration-rules-and-2014-mediation-rules-chinese-version/. 最后访问时间:最后访问时间:2023年3月14日上午 10:43。
[4] 联合国国际贸易法委员会仲裁规则(2010年修订)第27条第二款。访问地址:/sites//files/media-documents/uncitral/zh/arb-rules-revised-c.pdf. 最后访问时间:2023年3月14日上午10:33。
[5] 伦敦国际仲裁院2020年仲裁规则(中英文),访问地址:/gatsw/b185324.htm. 最后访问时间:最后访问时间:2023年3月14日上午 10:21。
[6] 英国1996年仲裁法第37条。访问地址:/downShow_24.html. 最后访问时间:2023年3月14日上午11:05。
[7] Arbitration Act, section 37. 访问地址:/ukpga/1996/23/section/37. 最后访问时间:2023年3月14日上午11:07。
[8] 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会仲裁规则(2015版) 第44条。访问地址:/index.php?m=Page&a=index&id=65. 最后访问时间:2023年3月15日上午10:53。
[9] 联合国国际贸易法委员会仲裁规则(2010年修订)第27条第二款。访问地址:/sites//files/media-documents/uncitral/zh/arb-rules-revised-c.pdf. 最后访问时间:2023年3月14日上午10:33。
[10] 国际律师协会国际仲裁取证规则第五条及第六条。访问地址:/document?id=IBA-Rules-on-Taking-of-Evidence-2020-Chinese. 最后访问时间:2023年3月14日下午12:34。
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作者 | 张晗
编辑 | 建纬品牌部